Consider the Importance of Forecasting for the Global Supply Chain of a Retail Food Company

Determining is an administration arranging device which is planned for adapting to future vulnerabilities, contingent generally upon information of over a wide span of time just as pattern examination (Chopra and Meindl 2010). The center attributes of today’s forward looking gracefully chains is adaptability and readiness which uses conjecture, as one of the most improved arranging frameworks of flexibly fasten systems to give the required capacity to rapidly react to changes in circumstances which positions the nimble gracefully chain productively (Acar and Gardner, 2012).Forecasting is a basic component in any associations dynamic procedures since its precision causes associations to decide on the proper activities relevant to request arranging, advancement arranging, new item dispatch and stock administration all together for the business to get proficient and lean. Subsequently associations are currently giving specific consideration to how the nature of estimating can be upgraded so as to expand the precision of its yield (Acar and Gardner, 2012).In so doing associations must consider coordinated effort working with the whole flexibly affix so as to create a progressively exact conjecture which will augment the exhibition of the gracefully chain (Shu et al. , 2011). In a retail food organization, it is fundamental to apply the proper stockpiling methods and stock strategy to ready to serve clients better, along these lines, guaging assumes a basic job in the productivity of the company.Hence, anticipating in the retail food industry has gotten all the more testing as consequence of value wars among contenders, vulnerability happening from catastrophic events, atmosphere changes and plagues (Hayya et al. , 2006). As a retail food organization situated in UK, Tesco considers accessibility of item as normally the fundamental serious drive to accomplishment in the retail food industry and with results of more than 50, 000 on its racks, 6 unmistakable st ore arranges and working in 14 nations, building up appropriate stock could be very difficult.A deals projection dependent on past examples, which is named ‘base-level’ figure, is mind boggling. Tesco conveyance arrange focuses and trend setting innovation have been created to maintain the cutting edge and practical flexibly chain. The effectiveness of the circulation framework comprehends the item needs of each store. This is accomplished in two strategies, guaging the inclinations of the clients by utilizing refined, point by point models which thinks about factors for example, irregularity, climate estimates just as reacting to promotions.The second arrangements with the mechanized framework requesting, which helps in refreshing continuously on what clients truly need to purchase, so as to rapidly and precisely furnish stores with the correct items at the perfect time. An improvement in the exactness of deals guaging by Tesco has upgrade the accessibility of items fo r clients and diminishing the gracefully chain cost. Tesco gauge precision is accomplished by sharing important information useful to its whole flexibly chain by means of its online framework known as TescoConnect to accomplish a compelling stock framework and lean gracefully chain.By using the abilities of IT in the anticipating and joining of its accomplices, it empowers them to make each piece of the flexibly chain process gainful. In any case, one of the difficulties related to gracefully chain is poor anticipating bringing about flexibly chain wasteful aspects and absence of responsiveness which can make stock-outs in the racks of Tesco. References: Acar, Y. and Gardner, E. S. (2012) ‘Forecasting Method Selection in a Global Supply Chain’, International Journal of Forecasting, 28(4), pp. 842-848, [Online]. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ijforecast. 2011. 11. 003 (Accessed: 9 March 2013) Chopra, S. amp; Meindl, P. (2010) Supply chain the board: procedure, arranging, and activity. fourth Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hayya et al. (2006) ‘Estimation in Supply Chain In Inventory Management’, International Journal of Production Research, 44(7), pp. 1313-1330, [Online]. DOI: 10. 1080/00207540500338039 (Accessed: 9 March 2013) Shu et al. (2011) ‘Supply Chain Collaborative Forecasting Methods Based on Factors’, International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 8(1), pp. 135-157, [Online]. DOI: 10. 1142/S0219877011002180 (Accessed: 9 March 2013)

How to Choose the Best Presentation Topic Ideas

How to Choose the Best Presentation Topic IdeasPresentation topic ideas are the core to giving a great and exceptional presentation. If you want to give your presentation a perfect finish, then choose the topic that is in line with the subject matter that you are trying to discuss. To help you get an idea of what kind of topic ideas you should be having when you are giving a presentation, here are some suggestions that will help you give a wonderful and positive speech.Know the target audience that you are trying to reach. You should know whether you are going to be speaking to high school students or to business professionals. By knowing who you are trying to reach, you will be able to decide what kind of presentation topic ideas you should be using when giving a presentation. In fact, you can narrow down your focus so much that you will even know what kind of topics to choose for a business presentation.The next thing that you should consider is the subject matter that you are goin g to cover. In many cases, people tend to go overboard when they are choosing the subject matter that they are going to use in their speech. If you are speaking to young children, then you should try to stick to topics that are age appropriate, while if you are speaking to adults, then you should stick to topics that are going to have a touch of humor in them.Determine the source of the information that you will be using. In many cases, the audience that you are speaking to is not going to be aware of the specific information that you will be using. To make sure that you are going to get the right information to your audience, then you should make sure that you are going to find the source first before you start your presentation.If you are using ideas from a book as the source of information, then you should ensure that you do not include any material that is not allowed in the book that you have chosen. To do this, you can choose to read the book in front of the audience or you ca n ask the audience to leave the room before you start your presentation. This will prevent them from seeing the material that you are using.The next thing that you should consider when giving presentation topic ideas is your own presentation. What kinds of ideas will you want to make use of? You should have ideas for topics and information that you can use to make your presentation more interesting and eye-catching.Before you start your presentation, you should decide on the kind of questions that you want to ask the audience. You should also decide on the topic that you want to bring up in your presentation.By doing all these things, you will be able to present a better speech to your audience. As a result, you will be able to let your audience know about what you have to say about the topics that you have discussed.

USS Maine explosion Essay Example

USS Maine blast Paper The US Maine, strangely detonated in the Havana Harbor, Cuba. A few people say it was a mine planted by an obscure source to attempt to detonate the US Maine, others think it was McKinley causing a set to up for motivation to announce war on Cuba. However, by and by I think it was an incidental blast cause by a shortcoming in the boat. While investigating proof of the blast I saw places where the metal was twisted out, proposing the blast originated from within, similar to a unintentional fire brought about by the set up of the boat. The fuel in the US Maine was kept in he transport directly close to the ammo, with one little error the entire boat could go up on fire with a gigantic blast, sinking the boat. The boat appears as though the most harm happened in the focal point of the boat, supporting that it was a mishap from within. The other proof that persuades that it was unplanned is the manner in which the media in America depicted the individuals living in Cuba. They had pictures of feeble, debilitated, extremely thin and ineffectively dressed individuals all things considered. To me that recommended that we needed individuals to help and feel frustrated about the individuals of Cuba, not to do battle with them. The pictures make me imagine that we think they arent ready to safeguard themselves on the off chance that we ended up doing battle with them. Additionally, there was no proof that shows the shell of the boat twisting internal from the blast, which implies that except if It was missed in the Images, the blast originated from the Inside of the boat. We will compose a custom paper test on USS Maine blast explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on USS Maine blast explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on USS Maine blast explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer At the point when we did a reproduction of the manner in which the shell of the boat would bend In the effect of a shot by tossing a bundle of tin foil tossed a sheet of tin foil and taking a gander at the passageway purpose of the foil ball. When contrasting the boats pictures with the recorded perceptions from the tin foil reenactment there Isnt anything In the injuries indicating any likenesses. The Images Just appear as though the metal of the boat Is liquefied from fire. As should be obvious from all the proof that I have looked at and broke down from the US Maine blast It would have been improbable for It to be harm and bound to be a mishap. Hence I feel that every single other chance, for example, a set up by McKinley or a mine planted by Cuba or some other explanation wouldnt bode well, or have genuine proof to back It. Hence I think the main sensible explanation for the US Maine blast Is that It was a unintentional blast cause by a deficiency In the boat.

3 Steps to Acceptance

I want to share with you feedback from a happy client. He is responding to a congratulatory email I sent him after his acceptance to two top Executive MBA programs. We fortunately receive many emails from satisfied clients, so why post this one? While I hope you will find his praise compelling if you are considering using an admissions consultancy, I really want to share his thoughtful approach to the application process.   It is noteworthy no matter where you are applying: Thank you, Linda. I am very happy. Acceptance rate of 100% at first pass, not too bad. In retrospect, I must say that the best ways to get accepted are, in order: Find out the characteristics of each school one wants to apply and for which he/she thinks is fit Build up a comprehensive package for each school (interview, essays, LOR each item is equally important) that tells the real story about the applicant, cards on the table Find someone like you/Cindy who can help with guidance in the process While I took care of the first 2 points, Cindy took care of the third with her expertise and professionalism and doing so she cemented a great story. I couldnt agree more. By Linda Abraham, President and Founder of Accepted.com. When you apply to the best programs, you need the benefits provided by experienced professionals. Explore our catalog to find the services right for you.

How Poverty Effects Character - 2276 Words

The Role of Wealth in Our World Poverty is something we all love to talk about when it comes to other people. Unfortunately, when it comes to ourselves it’s a different story. Sooner or later we find out where we stand in the social ladder in life. We find out if we have less than we thought we had or vice versa. I remember the first time I truly learned to appreciate the things that I had. Back in 8th grade I had a friend named Daniel and he lived in a mansion. After a few months of hanging out with him, I started to feel jealousy over the amount of wealth his family had. It made me so angry that Daniel lived in a mansion and I was just a regular middle class kid. What I ended up finding out though is that Daniel’s relationship with his†¦show more content†¦He discovered a suit case filled with $100,000 and was given a second chance in life. However, due to how he was raised and the type of people he grew up around, like his mother who he called a â€Å"bar whore†, this created a very bad influence which lingered into his adult life. Along with this wealth he found that his family was willing to bring him into their lives once more. For once in over 20 years Ted had everything he wanted and he destroyed it pretty quickly. Ted was very hesitant to get a job or something to fall back on. He is constantly warned week after week by his family to get a job or invest it wisely into a rental property. This idea was foreign to Ted due to his mentality and work ethic. When Ted was homeless, he would only look forward to the end of the day. Weeks went by and Ted did not abandon this foolish mentality which ended up costing him all of his money and the respect of his family. Even though Ted was basically given a second chance in life, he messed it up due to his background of short term goals and bad work ethic. Human nature is a powerful drug that is deep within us all and is waiting for a perfect opportunity to expose itself. Wealth is known to do many things to a man. Some say it changes people, but I disagree. Wealth actually tends to bring out people’s true colors. In the short essay â€Å"My Wood† by E.M. Forster, he portrays himself obtaining a large amount ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying 1682 Words   |  7 PagesProfession of Poverty As Robert Kennedy once said, â€Å"I believe that, as long as there is plenty, poverty is evil† (Kennedy). Money and wealth contribute to the image a person presents. In a world based on standards such as those, the wealthy will seem to be superior to the poor and that almost never ends in a positive way. William Faulkner, author of As I Lay Dying, was aware of the effects of poverty and took the opportunity to use his characters to depict poverty s effects. The novel takes placeRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore And Its Consequences889 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty is one of the main subject matters that is present in the book of The Other Wes Moore, and its consequences are revealed through various outcomes that are being portrayed by both characters. Poverty is being characterized through the social environment that both characters live in. Both Wes Moore’s were living in an environment that had an impact not only on the way they behave, but also their psychological behav iour. â€Å"Living in the Bronx and Baltimore had given me the foolish impressionRead MoreThe Film Crash By Paul Haggis992 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many social issues that plague our society and many of these problems are closely related to social class and race. Some of these issues include prejudice, individual discrimination, institutional discrimination, relative poverty, absolute poverty, and social class. Much of this is touched upon in Paul Haggis’ 2004 film Crash that even over a decade after its release the social issues brought up in the film still apply. The film Crash depicts many scenes of discrimination that all applyRead MoreThe Motif of Poverty Throughout Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky 1221 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty is an essential motif in Crime and Punishment that enables characters to expose their isolation from society. Raskolnikov demonstrates the true effect that poverty can have on an unemployed man in the 1860s. Razumikhin is seen as Raskolnikov’s foil character that reacts to his form of poverty in the opposite way of Raskolnikov towards society. The weight of being desperately pour effects Marmeledov to extensive lengths that ultimately ends in his death. Crime and Punishment revolvesRead MoreUnder The Persimmon Tree By Suzanne Staples1530 Words   |  7 Pagesand PTSD into her characters, and incorporates it into the plot very well. (BS-3) She also inputs many facts about the differing beliefs in Islam. (TS) Throughout the book Under The Persimmon Tree, Mrs. Staples incorporates several real world concepts into the plot and details to advance the plot and characterization. (MIP-1) One real world concept that was inserted into the book is the effects that the Taliban’s regime has on the countries they occupy. (SIP-A) One of these effects is the increaseRead MoreClassic Principal of Argument Essay example891 Words   |  4 Pagesin writing or face-to-face. To accomplish that goal, a writer should imply the three classical principles of argument; ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos occurs when an author gains respect based on his or her character. Authors use ethos to convince their audience based on his or her character. Authors using pathos in an argument, it persuades the audience through emotions. Logos supports the argument by reasoning (Lamm amp; Everett, 2007) (Dlugan, 2010). An author uses logos to persuade his or herRead MoreA Child s Education Is Vital991 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is poverty and does social class shape the character of a child’s life and education, especially those children of poverty? These questions are important t o consider for educators and all involved in the goal for children to have greater achievement. It s even more important to note that forty percent of the poor, in the United States, are children (Stevenson, 1997). Knowing this is the reason that finding solutions and studying the effects of parent involvement, both at school and at homeRead MoreQuestions On Equity And Education1741 Words   |  7 Pagesis affecting the students in poverty (Nielson, 2013). There has also been a problem with tracking students and the way that the school sorts them out. Depending on race, low academics, special ed. and the non-white students are also disproportionally represented and subject to discipline policy that removes them from school (Nielson, 2013). Poverty Poverty is a huge issue in a child’s educational success. That does not mean that children living in poverty will never be successful, butRead MoreConsequences Of Poverty In Oliver Twist By Charles Dickens1306 Words   |  6 Pagesmany interrelated ideas.it is concentrated with the miseries of poverty and the spread of its degrading effects through society,Many evils are awaken in the society because of poverty for instance hunger, homelessness illiteracy etc.which was shown clearly in the novel.one of the worst consequences of poverty and being deprived of life’s essential is crime,with all of its corrosive effects on human nature.in the Victorian era,poverty experienced was extreme in case of the working classes.the mostRead MoreBehind the Beautiful Forevers Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesBrett Potter HST 104 Section 002 Yixin Chen 27 November 2012 The Poverty of Annawadi as seen in Behind the Beautiful Forevers The city of Mumbai has seen much growth in the past years. A string of elegant hotels have been set up for travelers and high-class business men. An ever growing, top of the line airport has been built for those coming in and out of the country. From the outside, Mumbai seems to have taken a liking to being internationally integrated with the rest of world, otherwise

Country Analysis Sweden and Its Political Economy Essay

Compared to other nations in this world, economically, Sweden is in fact one of the wealthiest nations in the world. This nation is one of the wealthiest nations in this world is because of its peace and neutrality, high tech capitalism and general welfare benefits. Sweden’s political economy can be broken down by its political economic system (Social Democracy), economic regulation, outcome, and regime type. Other factors such as why Sweden hasn’t changed its currency into the Euro can also be an explanation to why its nation has been able to function so well economically. Capitalism and welfare benefits are very important to the Social Democrats in Sweden. According to an article in the New York Times, elections in Sweden â€Å"gave an†¦show more content†¦According, to the World Bank Data website, as of 2012, Sweden’s income has been at $525.7 billion. As for Sweden’s outcome would have some prosperity, some economic equality, and some politic al equality as well. Social Democracy also values inequality more and regulation as well. Essentially, since Sweden’s taxes are high, its citizens will not buy as much consumer good products. However, if Sweden were to ever lower its taxes than more of its citizens will buy more consumer good products. This also explains the reason why its people rely so much on its welfare system. Sweden’s regime type will also be democratic. In late 2003, Sweden had the opportunity to change their currency from the Swedish Krona to Euro. However, when it came to the decision Sweden decided to have their currency of the Swedish Krona remain the same, rather than to change it. According to a New York Times article, â€Å"Much of the antipathy is rooted in politics rather than economics, with fears about the loss of national sovereignty and the surrendering of fiscal and monetary independence high on the list† (Landler, The New York Times, 2003). Basically, the reason for Sweden not accepting the Euro system was because its people were concerned about the impact it would on the nation’s economy and the nation’s sovereignty. Finally, these are the reasons to why Sweden is a wealthyShow MoreRelatedBenefits, Costs, Risks Analysis of Opening a Krispy Kreme Franchise in Sweden1381 Words   |  6 PagesRisks Analysis of opening a Krispy Kreme Franchise in Sweden Mia T. Barton Norma Chapman Carissa Godsalve Tina Ricketts BMGMT 102 Professor MacKaben November 12, 2013 Table of Contents Introduction Barton, MT Summary of Findings Barton, Chapman, Godsalve, Ricketts Benefits Costs Risks Final Analysis Benefits, Costs, Risks Analysis of openingRead MoreThe Global Pursuit Of Economic Development Since The End Of The Second World War1136 Words   |  5 PagesIn Global Political Economy, Chapter 11 discusses â€Å"the global pursuit of economic development since the end of the Second World War† (219). In a nutshell, this analysis involves the account and summary of some of the information that has been previously presented in earlier chapters of this book. Mainly, the process of industrialization in Great Britain as well as the United States is noted in the introduction to the chapter. Afterwards, the authors proceed to define the term ‘development’ usingRead MoreThe Strong Performance Of Public Finances1198 Words   |  5 Pages The strong performance of public finances in Sweden is an interesting case.Previous studies have compared the current crisis with the banking crisis in Sweden in the early 1990s to study the reason behind Sweden’s strong public finances (Flodà ©n, 2013). When comparing the macroeconomic behavior during the current crisis and during the banking crisis in the early 1990s, it showed a larger drop in GDP and in exports while unemployment increased very less during the current crisis. The absence of largeRead MoreThe Best Market For Alien s Rfid Business1136 Words   |  5 Pagesto develop a formidable plan for implementing this opportunity. The plan encompasses selection and analysis of the country with which it will choose to launch its products and services. The aim of this paper is to analyze an appropriate location based on economic, geographical and political factors where Alien will launch its RFID business. The questions guiding the research include: †¢ Which country is favorable for Alien to conduct its business? †¢ What criterion is used in arriving at such a decisionRead MoreMarketing in the Operational Context: the Case of Ikea1261 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct range. It was in Norway where the first store of IKEA, which is outside of the country, opened. After this, IKEA already expanded to other countries. The purpose of this paper is to look into the marketing aspect of IKEA and the overall furniture or home furnishing retail industry. This is in the light of its operational context. More specifically, this paper will conduct a macro-environmental analysis so as to highlight the changes that are occurring. The market for the furniture and homeRead MoreSlept Analysis of Denmark851 Words   |  4 PagesSLEPT ANALYSIS OF DENMARK Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. S - Socio Culture L - Legal E - Economic P - Political T – Technology Socio Culture Language - The national language is Danish. Religion (i) According to official statistics from January 2010, 80.9% of the population of Denmark are members of the Danish National Church (Den DanskeRead MoreThe Kingdom of Norways Country Analysis Essay examples1409 Words   |  6 PagesKingdom of Norways Country Analysis Norway is one of the most developed countries in Europe. Although they are not apart of the European Union, their economy has bloomed due to good growth in the export markets and petroleum investments along with public sector demand and low-interest rates. Because they are the worlds fifth largest exporter of oil and gas, this contributes to about a third of their revenue. Their good growth has also had a positive effect on other parts of the economy such as heavyRead MoreEssay on A Marketing Case Study on Axis Communications5143 Words   |  21 Pages 1. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 2. SITUATION ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 3.1 External Analysis.....................................................................................................4 3.2 Internal Analysis......................................................................................................8 3.3 SWOT Analysis.................................................................................Read MoreGuatemal Guatemala And Sweden Essay1880 Words   |  8 PagesGuinn_ENVM620_TermPaper Guatemala and Sweden In the comparison of two countries there are a variety of characteristics that can be used to generate a summary, for this paper we will consider: Location, geographic characteristics, weather, demographics, economic characteristics, and participation in international organizations concerned with climate change and the social and economic stability of the global population. This paper will make an examination of 2 countries, Guatemala, which is consideredRead MoreGlobal Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Paper1465 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Paper Global finance operations include financial procedures, such as accounting, financial planning and analysis, strategic planning, treasury, investor relations, and financial compliance. Exchange rate is the existing market cost for which one currency can be exchanged for another (Moffatt, n.d.). For instance, when the U.S. exchange rate for the Japanese Yen is  ¥1.10, this means that 1 American Dollar can be exchanged for 1.1 Japanese Yen. The

Buffalo Commons Why I Am Against a National Plan Essay Example For Students

Buffalo Commons: Why I Am Against a National Plan Essay to Reclaim the Plains In his essay, Civil Disobedience, Henry David Thoreau presented to citizens everywhere a challenge to act against society and stop the machine of injustice. He wrote that America had, dwindled into.. .a manifest lack of intellect and cheerful self-reliance, and that citizens should let their lives become a counter friction by acting according to free will as is a humans true nature. Thoreau issued this challenge to make his readers realize that not all authority is justified. He wanted his readers to evaluate their own morals and judge for themselves right from wrong and act accordingly, even if this meant acting civilly disobedient. An issue which concerns me is a proposal known as Buffalo Commons. Developed in New Jersey by two Rutgers University professors, Frank and Deborah Popper, Buffalo Commons is essentially a national land management plan which would convert much of the Great Plains back into prairie, thus creating the worlds largest national park. According to THE NEW YORK TIMES, June 24, 1990, the Buffalo Commons area would include portions of Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Colorado, Montana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico and Wyoming. Mr. and Mrs. Popper assert that over the next thirty years much of the Great Plains should become a hurge reserve with more than 139,000 miles of open land and a wildlife refuge because, as Mrs. Popper stated in THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE, On the Plains I saw anguish, waste, a lack of sense, and awful planning. By attempting to turn back the ecological and economic clock one hundred years, the Poppers apparently believe they can improve upon both the urban and the rural areas of this country. As one born and raised in western Nebraska, part of the area targetted for inclusion in the worlds largest national park, I disagree with the Poppers Buffalo Commons proposal. Although I naturally have a deep sentimental attachment to this area, my argument with this proposal is not based on this fact alone. Many of the reasons on which the Poppers have based their plan are weak at best. They state that the poor economy of the Great Plains, combined with low investment, construction, and population density justify their proposal. While the agriculturally based economy of Nebraska has been weak in past years, investment and construction continue, increasing in some areas. My community of Franklin and a neighboring city of Kearney serve as two perfect foils for the Poppers premisses.

The House on Mango Street Seeking Independence Essay Example For Students

The House on Mango Street: Seeking Independence Essay In the book The House on Mango Street, author Sandra Cisneros presents a series of vignettes that involve a young girl, named Esperanza, growing up in the Latino section of Chicago. Esperanza Cordero is searching for a release from the low expectations and restrictions that Latino society often imposes on its young women. Cisneros draws on her own background to supply the reader with accurate views of Latino society today. In particular, Cisneros provides the chapters Boys and Girls and Beautiful and Cruel to portray Esperanzas stages of growth from a questioning and curious girl to an independent woman. Altogether, Boys and Girls is not like Beautiful and Cruel because Cisneros reveals two different maturity levels in Esperanza; one of a wavering confidence with the potential to declare her independence, and the other a personal awareness of her own actions and the decision to take action and wage her own quiet war (Cisneros 89). We will write a custom essay on The House on Mango Street: Seeking Independence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Author Sandra Cisneros was born in 1954 in the Latino section of Chicago (Encarta 1). Cisneros is an American novelist, short-story writer, essayist, and poet (Encarta 1). Her works have brought the perspective of the Mexican American woman into the mainstream of literary feminism (Encarta 1). She earned her Bachelors Degree from Loyola University in 1976 and her Masters Degree from the University of Iowa in 1978 (Encarta 1). The House on Mango Street is Cisneros first novel, and is her most critically acclaimed (Encarta 1). The novel is constructed with a series of short interconnected chapters (Encarta 1). Cisneros writes of the hopes, desires, and disillusionments of a young writer growing up in a large city (Encarta 1). After reading The House on Mango Street, the reader is left with a greater sense of the everyday oppressions the roles created for women in Hispanic society (Encarta 1). Cisneros decides to accept the oppression as part of culture, but also detach from this view by telling women, old and young alike, to find their own independence. Cisneros uses Esperanza as a vehicle to express the power of womanhood and determination to reach certain goals. In Boys and Girls, Cisneros introduces a gender separation that dominates Esperanzas experiences. Esperanza is dissatisfied that she and her younger sister Nenny are paired as playmates; Nenny is too young to be my friend (Cisneros 8). Esperanza is dependent on her childhood and is like a red balloon, a red balloon tied to an anchor (Cisneros 9). This description reveals that Esperanza singles herself out of her differences, of which she seems keenly aware. She also considers her differences as a source of isolation, as she floats in the sky for all to see. She longs to escape, much like a helium balloon. The anchor hinders her flight, similar to the confines that her granted by her society. Cisneros supplies Esperanza with a small voice, but also with a tone of wishful thinking, which gives her the ability to be powerful. Beautiful and Cruel marks the beginning of Esperanzas own quiet war against machismo (Hispanic culture powered by men). She refuses to neither tame herself nor wait for a husband, and this rebellion is reflected in her leaving the table like a man, without putting back the chair or picking up the plate (Cisneros 89). Cisneros gives Esperanza a self-empowered voice and a desire for personal possessions, thing that she can call her own: Esperanzas power is her own (Cisneros 89). Cisneros discusses two important themes: maintaining ones own power and challenging the cultural and social expectations one is supposed to fulfill. Esperanzas mission to create her own identity is manifest by her decision to not lay (her) neck on the threshold waiting for the ball and chain (Cisneros 88). Cisneros rough language and violent images of self-bondage reveal the contempt with which Esperanza views many of her peers whose only goal is to become a wife. .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 , .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .postImageUrl , .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 , .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489:hover , .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489:visited , .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489:active { border:0!important; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489:active , .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489 .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub840eb269d9a402334bf3bf7cd329489:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hiv Aids Essay Conclusion To learn how to guard her power from men, Esperanza looks to the example of the movie vixen with (the) red red lips who is beautiful and cruel (Cisneros 89). Esperanza gains strength in herself by accepting the situation she is in as it is, be acquiring a determination to leave it . The House On Mango Street Seeking Independence Essay Example For Students The House On Mango Street: Seeking Independence Essay In the book The House on Mango Street, author Sandra Cisneros presents a series of vignettes that involve a young girl, named Esperanza, growing up in the Latino section of Chicago. Esperanza Cordero is searching for a release from the low expectations and restrictions that Latino society often imposes on its young women. Cisneros draws on her own background to supply the reader with accurate views of Latino society today. In particular, Cisneros provides the chapters Boys and Girls and Beautiful and Cruel to portray Esperanzas stages of growth from a questioning and curious girl to an independent woman. Altogether, Boys and Girls is not like Beautiful and Cruel because Cisneros reveals two different maturity levels in Esperanza; one of a wavering confidence with the potential to declare her independence, and the other a personal awareness of her own actions and the decision to take action and wage her own quiet war (Cisneros 89). We will write a custom essay on The House On Mango Street: Seeking Independence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Author Sandra Cisneros was born in 1954 in the Latino section of Chicago (Encarta 1). Cisneros is an American novelist, short-story writer, essayist, and poet (Encarta 1). Her works have brought the perspective of the Mexican American woman into the mainstream of literary feminism (Encarta 1). She earned her Bachelors Degree from Loyola University in 1976 and her Masters Degree from the University of Iowa in 1978 (Encarta 1). The House on Mango Street is Cisneros first novel, and is her most critically acclaimed (Encarta 1). The novel is constructed with a series of short interconnected chapters (Encarta 1). Cisneros writes of the hopes, desires, and disillusionments of a young writer growing up in a large city (Encarta 1). After reading The House on Mango Street, the reader is left with a greater sense of the everyday oppressions the roles created for women in Hispanic society (Encarta 1). Cisneros decides to accept the oppression as part of culture, but also detach from this view by telling women, old and young alike, to find their own independence. Cisneros uses Esperanza as a vehicle to express the power of womanhood and determination to reach certain goals. In Boys and Girls, Cisneros introduces a gender separation that dominates Esperanzas experiences. Esperanza is dissatisfied that she and her younger sister Nenny are paired as playmates; Nenny is too young to be my friend (Cisneros 8). Esperanza is dependent on her childhood and is like a red balloon, a red balloon tied to an anchor (Cisneros 9). This description reveals that Esperanza singles herself out of her differences, of which she seems keenly aware. She also considers her differences as a source of isolation, as she floats in the sky for all to see. She longs to escape, much like a helium balloon. The anchor hinders her flight, similar to the confines that her granted by her society. Cisneros supplies Esperanza with a small voice, but also with a tone of wishful thinking, which gives her the ability to be powerful. Beautiful and Cruel marks the beginning of Esperanzas own quiet war against machismo (Hispanic culture powered by men). She refuses to neither tame herself nor wait for a husband, and this rebellion is reflected in her leaving the table like a man, without putting back the chair or picking up the plate (Cisneros 89). Cisneros gives Esperanza a self-empowered voice and a desire for personal possessions, thing that she can call her own: Esperanzas power is her own (Cisneros 89). Cisneros discusses two important themes: maintaining ones own power and challenging the cultural and social expectations one is supposed to fulfill. Esperanzas mission to create her own identity is manifest by her decision to not lay (her) neck on the threshold waiting for the ball and chain (Cisneros 88). Cisneros rough language and violent images of self-bondage reveal the contempt with which Esperanza views many of her peers whose only goal is to become a wife. .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 , .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .postImageUrl , .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 , .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4:hover , .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4:visited , .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4:active { border:0!important; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4:active , .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4 .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c491b71e75431348a85a9668fdbcbe4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A playbook for Strategy, Summary To learn how to guard her power from men, Esperanza looks to the example of the movie vixen with (the) red red lips who is beautiful and cruel (Cisneros 89). Esperanza gains strength in herself by accepting the situation she is in as it is, be acquiring a determination to leave it .

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Accounting From A to Z

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Accounting From A to Z First of all, an argumentative essay is a paper that talks about various aspects of a particular problem. Introduction of the thoughts can be similarly adjusted, or one view might be delineated more persuading in contrast with others. The essayist’s position ought to be explicit and clear. An argumentative paper intends to analyze the issue from different viewpoints to give a reasonable contention. The author needs to do profound research, assess proof, and set up a situation on the subject in a concise way. An argumentative essay in accounting should refer to a set of business practices that focus on maintaining and checking the integrity of financial records, funds, accounts, and internal and external transactions. The paper can be based on any aspect of accounting functions, processes, and its application in the modern world. Accounting is associated with the complex topic of finance, and therefore it is essential that the writer possesses deep knowledge in the subject unde r discussion in order to make the argumentative essay convincing enough for the concerned part of the audience. Choosing a Topic for an Argumentative Essay in Accounting Choosing a topic for an argumentative essay in accounting is certainly not a troublesome assignment because there is a wide assortment of interesting subjects that can be examined. In addition, the essayist should discover a subject that would intrigue the readers and present new data. One should try to pick an issue that is not generally researched to attract the attention of the audience. Besides, the essayist can also present a brand new way to deal with a common issue. These are the topics that might help to come up with the idea for your argumentative essay in accounting: Why Is Auditing Important? The Internet Has a Significant Impact on Accounting Information Systems; The Best Way to Manage Personal Finances; The Most Effective Way to Use Accountancy with Trade; How Will the Future of Accountancy Look Like? Is the Knowledge about Taxes Essential for Modern Citizens? The Most Efficient Accounting System Used in Banking. Pre-Writing Tips The choice of an issue for discourse is substantial progress in the pre-writing stage. The writer should remember that the determination of an issue for an argumentative paper in accounting has a few specific features. For example, to keep away from inclinations, the author should not have a passionate attitude towards the subject. Besides, the argumentation ought to be founded on approved facts, precise information, and studies that present useful and applicable data to the readers. Moreover, in order to support the central ideas of the paper, the author should incorporate references and up-to-date sources. Likewise, the essayist should not include blank sentences in his or her paper, such as general facts or unnecessary and extensive details. In turn, the best method to compose a solid and persuasive argumentative essay in accounting is to focus specifically on the topic under discussion. Additionally, it is essential to mention that the author of an argumentative essay should not forget that such kind of paper must include thorough and detailed research. In this manner, it is required to examine a variety of published sources. To gather the necessary information, the writer should study and take notes from different surveys, interviews, and experiments. This process is important in order to understand the selected subject and to see different perspectives on the issue around it. What is more important, the essayist should never overestimate his or her insight regarding the chosen topic. In contrast, the writer should strive to expand his\her understanding by conducting thorough research and gathering new pieces of information. Thus, it would be of great advantage to utilizing articles from peer-reviewed scholarly journals to promote the formation of persuasive argumentation for the essay. The essayist should always remember that the foundation of any successful argumentative paper involves the application of data from authoritative scholarly sources. Therefore, discovering credible and relevant sources has a significant benefit for a pre-writing process. Besides, when beginning writing an argumentative paper, one should remember that even a short outline is always helpful during the first stages of the writing process. Particularly, one can write down a sentence for each segment of the essay, including an introductory phrase fragment, thesis statement, body sentences, and conclusion. Similarly, such an outline should include relevant quotes from the studied literature in order to support the essay’s claims. The author should concentrate on displaying the most pivotal subtleties that depend on a comprehensive examination. Structure of an Argumentative Essay The structure of an argumentative paper in accounting reflects a common structure of an academic essay. In such a manner, the paper begins with an introduction paragraph that examines the significance of the issue. In turn, a thesis statement, which is a crucial part of this section, is the last sentence or sentences (if the paper is extensive and requires more space for thesis) of the passage. Body sections are meant to examine various aspects of the subject. Thus, they ought to incorporate foundation data, pieces of evidence, and counterarguments. Argumentative essays usually consist of two body sections and one refutation paragraph. There are, however, various complex topics that require detailed analysis. In this manner, an argumentative paper that examines a few research sources may incorporate more than three body sections. The final section of an essay is a concluding one, which presents a summary of the paper’s ideas and starts from the restatement of the thesis statem ent. Introduction An argumentative essay in accounting begins with an introductory paragraph that presents the subject of the paper comprehensively. The very first sentence of a paper ought to exclude a particular detail and, in turn, become a hook of readers’ attention. In other words, the introduction must draw in the audience and express the central claim. Besides, the essayist ought to clarify the significance and topicality of the issue. Introduction of the background information might assist readers in understanding the author’s point. Additionally, it is essential to mention that an argumentative paper in accounting needs to incorporate clarifications of used concepts and key terms. The last sentence of an introductory section is a thesis statement that introduces the fundamental ideas of the essay and the position of the author regarding the issue. The following examples of right and wrong thesis statement might help you understand how to compose a solid thesis. Incorrect: ‘Accounting ethics plays a significant role in the field of accountancy.’ As you see, this thesis statement is too broad and does not concretize and present the arguments of the paper. Correct: ‘Accounting ethics plays a significant role in the field of accountancy, since accounting is a means through which public services are delivered to people, and this profession serves public interests on the bases of moral judgments and valuations.’ In turn, this thesis statement presents a narrow topic and clearly states its arguments. Therefore, it introduces the subject matter to the audience and makes people aware of the essay’s purpose. Body Paragraphs The writer should always remember that the body sections of an argumentative paper ought to be coherently sorted out and have a specific structure. In this manner, each body section should start with a topic sentence that presents its central idea. In addition, each body paragraph must be devoted to the discussion of only one particular thought; it will make the paper look clear and concise. What is more important, the essayist needs to remember that body sections must be directly related and logically connected to the ideas presented in the thesis statement. A solid argumentative paper ought to consider various perspectives concerning the issue. Thus, the most effective approach to compose a successful essay is to talk about the clashing sides of the subject. Keep in mind that each of the body sections should also introduce supporting materials in order to make the idea expressed in the topic sentences look credible. Particularly, the essay’s arguments must be backed up with outside sources, including relevant books, peer-reviewed scholarly articles, and studies. Thus, it is critical to utilize authoritative sources to make the paper increasingly compelling. As a rule, the first body section is the foundation part. In other words, it provides the audience with a piece of background information to deepen people’s knowledge connected with the discussed issue. Likewise, it can incorporate the clarification of the accounting theories that are going to be used, ideas, and meanings of particular terms. Besides, the essayist can outline the utilized scholarly literature to give the premise to his or her claims. The subsequent body passage switches the focus to the argumentation itself, as well as a demonstration of the displayed ideas. As it was mentioned above, the supporting details here might assist the readers with understanding the issue. In this manner, the author should implement in-text citations from authoritative sources and provide the explanation to them, showing how his or her interpretation speaks to the paper’s argumentation. This section ought to be well-organized and present specifics of the point to the audience. The last passage of the body section includes a counterargument that intends to show the contrary perspective on the issue. As a matter of fact, it will help to make the paper’s argumentation look objective and unbiased. At the same time, however, the writer should explain to the audience why the argument presented in the essay is more credible than the opposing perspective. In any case, the author ought to abstain from considering contradicting views as off-base since an argumentative essay requires that they must be equally considered and rationally disproved. Conclusion The concluding paragraph is the last section of an argumentative essay. Here the writer should make a summary of the main theme of the work. The essayist ought to rehash the claim and the supporting pieces of evidence to help the audience to remember the primary arguments. In turn, it is critical to keep in mind that the concluding paragraph should not present any new information or proofs that were not mentioned in the body section. The writer can not only to rehash the thesis statement but also exhibit explicit bits of knowledge into the subject matter. Besides, toward the finish of the passage, there is a closing sentence that clarifies the value of the essay’s argument. Furthermore, the author can specify further research that can be possibly conducted on this particular topic based on the outcomes of his or her work. Post-Writing Tips At the point when a draft of an argumentative essay is done, the author should reread it to check sentence structure and vocabulary. Furthermore, it is critical to focus on the lucidness and consistency of the work. The language used in the essay ought to correspond to the writer’s academic level. Additionally, correct spelling and punctuation are fundamental for a solid paper because flawless grammar helps the essayist in convincing the audience in the credibility of his or her claim. Besides, in order to make the paper coherent, it might be effective to utilize transitional words, such as ‘moreover, however, furthermore, besides, on the one\on the other hand, and so on’. The subsequent stage of the post-writing process can include asking peers for assistance in rereading and analyzing the paper. In such a manner, it might be particularly useful since they will double-check sentence structure, vocabulary, and the text itself. Besides, their bits of knowledge can help with understanding whether the essay is written in a coherent way. The commentators can point out some of the used accounting terms or ideas that are not clarified enough. Moreover, reading the paper to someone is an effective approach to make sure that the essay’s argumentation is logical and comprehensible. Additionally, while rereading the essay, it is important to pay attention to whether the in-text citation is properly used, as well as to the formatting of the reference page. The author should remember that all quotes ought to be cited, even the paraphrased parts since otherwise, it will be considered as plagiarism and will lead to the failure of the paper. Besides, the appropriate format of citations will allow the readers to discover the information that the author alludes to in the essay. Moreover, it is essential to check whether the formatting style corresponds to the one required by the educator. Similarly, the writer should check for some general mistakes that are characteristic of argumentative essays. For example, the essayist ought to maintain a particular structure of the sections, and keep in mind that the repetition of similar ideas in the separate body paragraph will inevitably have an adverse impact on the final result. Moreover, it is essential to double-check whether the fundamental claims of the essay and the pieces of evidence are logically connected between each other. The last critical improvement of the draft is to rewrite all questionable fragments and correct mistakes. At the point when the paper is prepared, the author can glance through the essay and fix minor misstep, such as double space between words or indents between the paragraphs. When all those steps are completed, the article can be submitted, and it is likely that it will succeed and receive a good mark. References Argumentative Essays. (n.d.). Owl Purdue. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/essay_writing/argumentative_essays.html Writing Guide for Accounting Students. (n.d.). Accounting.com. Retrieved from https://www.accounting.com/resources/writing-guide/ Wendy, Ikemoto. (2018, March 15). What is an Argumentative Essay?. BibMe. Retrieved from bibme.org/blog/updates/what-is-an-argumentative-essay/ Kearney, Virginia. (2019, April 10). How to Write an Argumentative Essay Step by Step. Owlcation. Retrieved from https://owlcation.com/academia/How-to-Write-an-Argument-Essay Fleming, Grace. (2019, May 20). Tips on How to Write an Argumentative Essay. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/write-an-argument-essay-1856986

Why being an active member of the ASRT is important Essay

Why being an active member of the ASRT is important - Essay Example One of the major tasks undertaken by the radiologic technologists is to ensure high quality diagnostic image. For this, they should be well trained to position the patients in the right manner so that imaging examination brings about the best possible result that is 100% accurate. The correct interpretation of the received images also necessitates specialized skills. Similarly, the radiologic technologists on the Radiation Oncology Team do have pivotal roles to play while they administer proportionate doses of radiation to the patient’s body to treat cancer or other diseases. For this, one should have specialized education and practical skills in physics, radiation safety, patient anatomy and patient care. I am sure that being an ASRT member would help me to enhance my potentialities, as there will be opportunities for me to attend advanced training programs in the areas of MRI and CT for registered technologists. It also provides challenging and rewarding opportunities to work with other allied health professionals in establishing interdisciplinary training. The job provides one to learn as well as teach something all the time. The opportunity to work using the most advanced technology under the guidance and supervision of experienced professionals in the field is an added advantage. The work under such an organization like ASRT offers one great job satisfaction as there is a significant reward when one can directly contribute to the diagnostic care of an individual who is in need of his/ her service. The vision and mission of ASRT convinces any dedicated radiologic technologists, who wants to achieve professional growth and fulfill his aspirations, of the necessity and significance of being an active member of this world reputed association. The ASRT rightly believes that by 2012, radiologic technologists all over the

Aspirations for Future-Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aspirations for Future-Social Work - Essay Example The purpose of life may also change continuously for some individuals as they gain more experiences in life .I have also wondered about how my life should take shape , in order to figure out my career options I made a not of how my personality is and what career options will best suit me .I have always been troubled by my desire to help people. I have noted since my early childhood days that I become worried when people around me are facing any trouble. I simply cannot ignore their situation and move on in life. The desire to help anyone in trouble sometimes becomes an obsession for me. I am not talking about helping only the poor people or things like that; I even want to help people who face any family or personal problems. I have learnt to live with this attitude of mine and have even decided to move ahead my career path in this direction. Work Environment Social work; although a very satisfying career option but is also a very challenging one. The work environment is not the one which is provided by corporate world. Understaffing and large caseloads is the norm in the industry. Social workers also have to work under a lot of budgetary constraints as unlimited amount of money is never available to a social worker. The work also involves a lot of field visits and leaving your desk to visit the client. The working hours are normally 40 hours a week but may even increase in emergency situations. Educational Qualifications and Trainings Required A bachelor’s degree in social work (BSW) is the basic requirement that most organization demand for entry level positions in social work .These programs deal with social work values and ethics, promotion of social and economic justice human behaviour and social research methods. Most of the programs also provide you with minimum of 400 hours of field work. (British Association Of Social Workers, 2011) As a thumb rule in England I need 5 GCSE’s grade A to Cincluding English and Mathsand 2 A-levels.These aret hegrades that Ineed to obtain in order to enter a BSW program. (Prospects, 2011) However if I want to move into heath and school work or even clinical work ; then a masters degree in social work will be required(MSW).At this stage I really do not know if I would like to go for the Masters degree but would decide as time progresses. A doctorate degree will be my preferred option if I want to teach in a university. I am currently not keeping this as an option as I would like to work on the field and leave the research work to others. Apart from these necessary degrees a social worker also needs to undergo various certifications and programs in order to advance in his career forward. Most states also require social workers to fulfil licensing, certification or registration requirements-these will be studies by me when I actually work on the field. Some of the colleges which I will be targeting for my BSW programme have been listed by me in the table below- (Social Work Training, 2011) Bristol University Middlesex University Birmingham University Bradford University Cardiff University Lancaster University Leeds Metropolitan University Liverpool University Employment Opportunities According to department of labour statistics, 67% of jobs in 2008 were in the healthcare and social assistance industries and 23% were employed by the government. (British Association Of Social Workers, 2011) Most of the social workers have been working in the cities but some do get a chance to work in the rural areas as well .The BASW predicts tough competition in urban

How Lack of Sleep Effects Young Adults Essay Example for Free

How Lack of Sleep Effects Young Adults Essay Many people feel that sleep is a part of our lives that can be given up on to meet the burdens of a busy schedule. However, lack of sleep increases the risk of accidents, irritability and symptoms of depression as well as impairing memory and cognitive function. When a young adult is growing up they are faced with the commitments of an adult but the carefree attitude of a child. Because most teens feel this way it is hard for them to balance out an academic plan, social life and a working position. With the demands of growing up at a quite young age it is hard to get the sleep that is needed to help your brain fully develop into an adult brain. Teenagers’ sleep more because; their minds and bodies are going through so many changes into forming into an adult. Not only does puberty affect the bodies but it also affects the brain in an enormous way. Todd Maddox, a psychology professor at the Institute for Neuroscience at the University of Texas in Austin, attempts to comprehend what precisely is going wrong in the impaired brain during a sleep deprived teenager, â€Å"The brain regions that are impaired when you are sleep deprived are the same ones that are impaired with normal aging or as a result of diseases like Parkinsons and Alzheimers. (Forbes 2011) The temporal lobe which is a brain region involved in language processing, was stimulated during verbal learning in relaxed subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. The parietal lobe, not activated in rested subjects during the verbal exercise, was more active when the subjects were deprived of sleep. Although memory performance was less efficient with sleep deprivation, greater activity in the parietal region was associated with better short term memory. (Wikipedia 2011) Fewer than nine hours of sleep every single night puts young adults at risk for developmental and emotional complications. Sleep deprivation may be the reason for behavioral issues calamities and even psychopathology, reports The American Psychological Association. Sleep helps brain chemistry grow larger, which improves mood and social communication. Nine to ten hours of continuous sleep helps the growing brain adjust to the chemical effects of: developmental and emotional growth, life changes, and peer and social difficulties. Healthy sleeping patterns balance hormonal alterations in the endocrine system. The extra sleep also decreases the amounts frustration levels that are often the cause of behavioral problems. Sleep deprivation can harmfully affect the brain and cognitive function. A 2000 study, by the UCSD School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System in San Diego, used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology to monitor activity in the brains of sleep-deprived subjects performing simple verbal learning tasks. The study showed that regions of the brains prefrontal cortex displayed more activity in sleepier subjects. Depending on the task at hand, the brain would sometimes attempt to compensate for the adverse effects caused by sleep deprivation. (Daily Science 2009) This normal developmental reaction is impaired by lack of sleep. Every day teenagers are watching and learning how to adapt to behaviors in their world and the adult world. With all of these impressions, opportunities for mistakes, and pressure to make mature choices; lack of sleep creates failure. Teenagers reach their peak of tiredness is during the early morning hours and right after lunch. Both of these times many students have been reported to have been groggy or sleeping in class, when they are tired they are commonly unmotivated during class time and there is little if any concentration on the subject at hand. And as the obvious connection to a poor attention in school would be weak grades and test scores. In August 2001, researchers at the University of Minnesota reported the results of a study of more than 7,000 high-school students whose school district had switched in 1997 from a 7:15 a. m. start time to an 8:40 a. m. start time. Related with students whose schools kept earlier start times, students with later starts reported: getting more sleep on school nights, being less sleepy during the day, getting slightly higher grades and experiencing fewer depressive feelings and behaviors. Because the adolescent minds are not fully refreshed to start a new day it is showing on their grade performance. A study in 1998 done by psychologists Amy R. Wolfson, PhD, of the College of the Holy Cross, and Mary A. Carskadon, PhD, of Brown University Medical School, surveyed over 3,000 high school students and noticed that the students who were receiving lower grades in school were getting on average 25 minutes less sleep than the students who were getting higher grades in their classes. Adolescents sleep less than they did as children, decreasing from an average of 10 hours a night during middle childhood to fewer than 7. 5 hours by age of 16. According to Wolfson and Carskadons 1998 study; 26 percent of high school students routinely sleep less than 6. 5 hours on school nights, and only 15 percent sleep 8. 5 hours or more. The same study showed that to make up for lost sleep, most teenagers’ sleep an extra couple of hours on weekend mornings, a habit that can lead to poor quality sleep and sleep disorders. Theres a real need for longitudinal studies to follow through later childhood and adulthood, says psychologist Avi Sadeh, PhD, a sleep researcher at Tel Aviv University. Although research has sufficiently established that sleep problems affect young peoples cognitive skills, behavior and temperament in the short term, he says, Its not at all clear to what extent these effects are long-lasting. (Science Daily 2011) Daily stress has a great effect on wreaking the immune system; however, making time to sleep can correct the hormonal imbalances caused by everyday stress. For teenagers, stress is inevitable, but without providing the brain with time to sleep on it, the long-term effects of stress can take their toll on adolescents. Truancy, increased sick days, moodiness and risk-taking behavior can be signs that the maturing teenager is not renewing their brains with sufficient sleep. Lack of enthusiasm and depression can arise from long-term sleep deprivation, which in teenage years can occur with only several weeks of poor sleeping patterns. (eHow 2011) With finals coming up quickly I have noticed that in myself I have been staying up later then I usually do just to â€Å"cram† an extra hour or two in studding for these tests and quizzes that are coming up I have felt the anxiety that lurking behind this week of dread. This might not be the best thing for me to do because sleep needs to happen in order to create memories; you need sleep to keep them inside your brain and thoughts. (Schacter, Gilbert Wegner 2011) Sleep deprivation may be linked to serious diseases, such as heart disease and mental illnesses including psychosis and bipolar disorder. The connection between sleep deprivation and psychosis was further documented in 2007 through a study at Harvard Medical School and the University of California at Berkeley. The study revealed, using MRI scans, that sleep deprivation causes the brain to become incapable of putting an emotional event into the proper perspective and incapable of making a controlled, suitable response to the event. Without sleep our brains don’t function as well as they should and would be if you had the time that you really need for your body to be fully rejuvenated and ready to get any job done.

Woody Allen :: essays papers

Woody Allen "A plethora of people have written about Woody Allen", John Lahr said "and they either like him or dislike him. But no one has yet managed, I think, to interpret him." Woody Allen has been revered as one of the brilliant artists of the twentieth century and at the same time called a pervert. His works have been called jokes but also masterpieces. Many critics have tried to explain why Allen writes the things he writes but not one has had success. The drive and brilliance of Allen has not been understood yet. Seeing his movies gives us two opposing views. One is the screwball comedian who is obsessed with death and sex while the other is the serious artist commenting on and criticizing our society. The latter view is more difficult to grasp but is nonetheless there. Through different film techniques Allen mocks our society and film industry without us even realizing. His most widely used technique to do this is the film within a film. In movies such as The Purple Rose of Cairo, Play It Again Sam and Hannah and Her Sisters Allen uses this technique to show us his opinion on a particular subject, and also uses it as a driving force behind his movies.The most notable use of film within a film in Allen?s movies occurs in, The Purple Rose of Cairo. The time is The Depression and the scene a small town. Cecilia (Mia Farrow) is the central figure in the movie. She is married to an abusive gambler and heavy drinker. To cope and escape her problems, Cecilia constantly goes to a nearby movie theater called The Jewel. There she spends hours on end watching movies, sometimes the same one more than three times. When she gets fired one day from her job, she goes to The Jewel and watches a movie called The Purple Rose of Cairo "at least five times" (Blake 117). On her fifth time watching the movie, Tom Baxter (Jeff Daniels) jumps out from the movie and enters the theater telling Cecilia that he has noted her faithful presence and is attracted to her. As they leave the theater together, the actors in the movie aimlessly wonder around bewildered by what had just transpired. Deeply concerned is the real life actor of Tom Baxter, Gil Shephard because this misfortune could "wreck his blossoming career"(Kauffmann 37). To add to the trouble, other cities have reported that the Baxter character has stepped out of The Purple Rose of Cairo in various theaters and has disappeared. Why would Woody Allen create such a unrealistic movie critics called "the most innovative

Internal Security Challenges

Ved Marwah Shri N N Vohra, Shri K Santhanam, Director IDSA, Ladies and Gentlemen: I deem it a privilege to be invited to deliver the IDSA Foundation Lecture. Since inception in November 1965, under the stewardship of the late Shri Y B Chavan and the subsequent direction provided by Shri K Subrahmanyam, former Director, the IDSA has acquired a creditable profile. Over the years, the IDSA has played a commendable role in enriching the security discourse and deliberations in India. It is in this context that I propose to share my thoughts with you on a matter of concern to all of us, namely, â€Å"India’s Internal Security Challenges†. India was partitioned in the backdrop of large-scale communal riots, but the partition of the country on religious lines, without taking into consideration its multiple identities, instead of bringing the communal tensions down, in fact, worsened the situation. The two-nation theory created Pakistan, and it still survives on this theory. Pakistan finds it difficult to accept the reality that India continues to be a democratic, plural, multireligious society and that India today has more Muslim citizens than Pakistan. Read this  Chapter 2 – Why Security is Needed The Government of Pakistan has taken upon itself the responsibility of not only protecting its own citizens, but also the Indian Muslims. The power structure in theocratic Pakistan, dominated by the army, the feudal landlords, the bureaucracy and the religious leaders has been able to retain its hold over the levers of power by playing the antiIndia and Islamic cards. Pakistan plays the Islamic card in its foreign policy also. It misses no opportunity to club India as an anti-Islamic country where Muslims are not safe. The continuing tensions between India and Pakistan have a direct bearing on the internal situation in India. They have further complicated the internal security situation. * IDSA Foundation Day Lecture delivered by Shri Ved Marwah, Governor of Jharkhand on November 11 2003. Strategic Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2003.  © Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses â€Å"India’s Internal Security Challenges† 503 The management of internal security, therefore, assumes great importance. If the internal security issues are tackled effectively, subversion by the external forces to that extent becomes more difficult. Unfortunately, the rise of contentious politics based on sectarian, ethnic, linguistic or other divisive criteria, is primarily responsible for the many communal and secessionist movements flourishing in India. The presence of hostile neighbours enables the internal conflicts to get external support, which includes money, arms and sanctuaries. The vested interests exploit these conditions to pursue their own agenda. In a well-established political system and a developed economy, conflicts between the various group identities are kept under check as in due course they get assimilated into the national identity. But that has not happened in India as yet, where the wounds of the partition and the colonial rule have still not fully healed. Moreover, the dependence on the government by a large section of our people for their very survival sharpens these conflicts among them. The democratic institutions and the state structures are still not strong enough to fully harmonise these conflicts in a peaceful manner. Violence erupts when conflicting interests cannot be consensually reconciled. The hostile external forces, taking advantage of this situation through subversive propaganda, further accentuate these conflicts. They give material and ideological support to aggravate this sense of grievance to such an extent that a small minority are willing to become tools in their hands to subvert the stability and security of the country. In addition, a number of secessionist and the so-called revolutionary movements are operating in India today. Their goal could be to overthrow the government and bring about revolutionary changes in the structure and functioning of the state, or even secession from the Indian Union. Ever since independence, India has been facing all types of violent conflicts based on religion, caste, language, ethnicity and regional loyalties. Political insecurity further compounds the problem. Preoccupied with the problem of survival, the governments in some of the most affected states are not looking at the problem from a long-term perspective. They have bought temporary peace by compromising with the subversive forces. Such shortsighted policies can have disastrous consequences in the long run. Instead of effectively dealing with them in the initial stages when the problem is manageable, they have allowed these anti-national forces to take roots and spread their tentacles far and wide. When a state government 504 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 is unable to effectively deal with them, instead of strengthening the state police machinery, it rushes to the Centre to hand over its responsibility at the first sign of any serious trouble. It is not surprising that in these states some sections of the police have actually joined hands with the subversive forces against the central forces. If you cannot fight them, join them†. Finding themselves at the mercy of these subversive forces, the people tend to change sides and start supporting them instead of supporting the security forces. It would be wrong to assume that all those supporting, directly or indirectly, these forces are sympathetic to their ideology. Far from it! For most of them, preoccupied with the daily battle of survival, this is the obvious choice, because the police are unable to protect them. Polarisation on caste and religious lines can further reduce the credibility of the police in the minds of the people. The police-politician-criminal nexus can embolden the criminal elements. Their activities can create an environment of lawlessness, where influential and rich people violate the law with impunity. The police is not the only component of the criminal justice system that has suffered because of this nexus. In fact, the entire criminal justice system is under strain. Not all crimes are being registered and those registered are not being properly investigated; and even out of those charge-sheeted, very few are ending in conviction. The conviction rate in case of heinous crimes is steadily falling. In some North-Eastern states it has reached almost zero level, where the police have stopped even submitting the charge sheets in the insurgency-related cases. When the fear of legal punishment disappears, organised crime finds it convenient to spread its tentacles. The crime syndicates are finding the new communication and information technology very useful. Extortion and payment of the so-called ‘protection money’ is more widespread than we would like to believe. According to some reports, direct extortion from the government funds runs into hundreds of crores of rupees. Many of the insurgent and militant groups are not driven by ideology, but by sheer greed. Money power is a bigger motivating factor than ideology. Vested interests have developed around these groups with active connivance of corrupt politicians, police officers and civil servants. Some politicians even take their assistance during election times. They have to return their favours when they come to power. This mutually beneficial relationship has seriously damaged the quality of governance in the interior areas. The real losers are the people. The development process â€Å"India’s Internal Security Challenges† 505 gets seriously hampered in a violent environment. When large development funds are siphoned out by this unholy alliance between the criminal and corrupt forces, even the delivery of the most basic services like water, power, healthcare, education and communications becomes a stupendous task. A vicious circle starts. The deprived and the marginalised sections of the society, unable to survive in the present system, get alienated. The militant and extremist forces thrive in this environment. The rise of Left extremism is more due to these compulsions than on ideological grounds. There are media reports about the carving out of a corridor by the Left extremist forces from Nepal to Tamil Nadu. Even if there is no truth in these reports, the involvement of hostile external forces in support of the Left extremist forces to destabilise the country cannot be ruled out. The mushrooming of armed ‘Senas’ on caste and ethnic lines in some parts of the country is a direct consequence of the polarisation of the society. This phenomenon has also affected the police and the administration in general. Loss of public confidence in the capacity of the state to protect their life and property is the primary cause of this dangerous development. Far from controlling them, a politicised and partisan police actually encourages this development. The tensions in some parts of the country, especially in the tribal areas, due to a perceived threat to their identity is not new, but the rise of so many violent movements is a relatively recent development. In the border states these movements become secessionist because of the support they receive from the hostile neighbouring states. The rise of fundamentalist forces is posing the most serious threat to India’s security. Fired with religious zeal these forces have created an entirely new situation. The intelligence agencies in our neighbourhood and the organisations, like Al Qaida, and Jaish-e-Mohammad, are encouraging the so-called ‘Jehadis’ to enter India from outside. After first targeting the border states they have now spread deep inside the country. These bands of fanatics are not only indulging in subversive activities, but are spreading the virus of fundamentalism among the Indian Muslims. The break-up of the Indian Union continues to be the main goal of Pakistan’s domestic and foreign policy. Easy availability of deadly weapons with the subversive groups operating in India has created new dangers for India’s security. With the ‘Golden Crescent’, and the ‘Golden Triangle’ in India’s neighbourhood, drug trafficking poses yet another threat to our security. 506 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 Drug syndicates are generating huge funds, a part of which is being used to give financial support to some of these subversive groups. The intelligence agencies like the ISI are recruiting a number of ‘carriers’ in drug trafficking as their agents. These agencies provide legal immunity for their criminal activities in their own country in addition to giving them financial and logistical support. Internal security challenges are not confined to any one area, but the North-East, Jammu and Kashmir, and the areas afflicted by Left extremism deserve special mention. North-East The Naga leadership under Z. A. Phizo had challenged their integration into the Indian Union even before India became independent in 1947. The Naga insurgency started way back in the early 1950s. Since then the insurgencies in this region have multiplied and spread to many new areas. In this extremely diverse and strategically sensitive region, there are different reasons for the ethnic upsurges and insurgencies in different states. Some seek secession from the Indian Union, some others seek separate states and yet others greater autonomy within the existing state. The number of such insurgent groups could reach three-digit figures. In Manipur alone, more than twenty-five groups are operating. Thousands have died in the insurgency-related violence. Insurgencies have seriously affected the economic life of the region. The whole developmental process is seriously hampered because of this unending violence. One can imagine the plight of the people who are already living on the margin. What to talk of getting a share of the fruits of development, they are deprived even of the most basic services. Unfortunately, unlike Jammu & Kashmir, these violent movements do not stir much response in national consciousness. Even serious incidents of violence hardly find any mention in the so-called mainstream media. The geo-strategic importance of the North-East is not sufficiently appreciated even in the security establishment. All the states in the North-East share an international border with other countries and the seven North-Eastern states are linked to the rest of the country only by a narrow strip of land. The lack of physical, cultural and emotional links has encouraged a feeling of alienation, which is being exploited by the nottoo-friendly neighbours to pursue their own agenda. They are giving support and sanctuaries to many of these groups to use them as leverage against a much bigger and more powerful neighbour. â€Å"India’s Internal Security Challenges† 507 The roots of these many insurgencies in the North-East lie deep in its history and its geography. But, it would be wrong to treat it as one homogeneous region with common problems, or social systems and customs. Even physiographically, the region can be divided into three broad areas — hills, plateaus, and plains. The many ethnic groups, speaking many different languages and dialects, who inhabit this remote part of the country consider themselves as separate people with little in common with the people in the rest of the country. The lack of physical, cultural and emotional links has encouraged this feeling of separation. The partition of the country seriously dislocated the old system of communications with serious demographic consequences. At the heart of the problem, however, is the new political consciousness and an urge for asserting their identity, especially among the fiercely independent tribal communities. The partition left the entire region land-locked, and even the old road, railway and river-waterway links with the rest of the country were severed, because they all passed through East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The new rail link via North Bengal is circuitous and too long and expensive for easy access to the region. The air link is not only expensive, but also unreliable due to climatic conditions. The people have to bear enormous additional transport cost for all their supplies. Another intractable problem is created by the influx of migrants from East Pakistan and now continuing from Bangladesh. In the beginning it was confined to the Hindus leaving East Pakistan due to insecure conditions, but later, because of intense population pressure even Muslims started migrating. The fear that immigrant population will one day dominate them is keeping many of the insurgent and secessionist movements alive. The terrain in this region is eminently suitable for insurgency. The hilly terrain and dense forests provide convenient hiding places to mount ambushes on the moving convoys of the security forces. Large parts of the interior areas have little or no police presence. The insurgent groups virtually control the administration in these areas. After attacking the security force they can easily disappear into the local population. Because of deprivation and alienation, a large section of the people tend to be sympathetic to the members of these groups. It is the alienation of the people that has sustained insurgency all these years, though logistic support and sanctuaries provided by the neighbouring states play a vital role in sustaining them. The dispersion of ethnic groups across the international 508 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 boundaries has profoundly influenced the nature of political conflicts. However, it needs to be emphasised that internal-external linkages originate with the failure of the domestic political and administrative system in coping with the internal conflicts. Secessionist leaders often adopt alternative strategies to achieve their goal. They keep on changing their tactics and demands according to the ground situation. The intensity of the conflict depends very much on how strong the public support is. Ethnicity can become an important dimension of internal conflict when it becomes intertwined with other social, political and economic issues. As conflicting groups go from one crisis to the next, they learn by experience to raise their demands to increase their bargaining power. Political changes that offer new opportunities for personal gain and extending their influence can spark violent conflicts. Even though most of them are conscious of the fact that secession is not a viable option, they keep on raising this demand to bring together the various contending conflicts on one platform. Making common cause against the Indian state is how many of these groups with conflicting ideologies cooperate with each other in their fight against the Indian state. The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) was born out of the demand to throw out the migrants from Bangladesh, and yet its top leaders are today finding sanctuary in that country. The South Asian ountries have more in common with India than with other countries in the region. They do not even have a common boundary with each other. But this reality has not made them friendlier towards India. History and geography have encouraged negative sentiments rather than positive sentiments about India in these countries. The big powers too have not hesitated to fish in troubled waters. Till the 1970s, China was directly supporting the ins urgencies in the North-East. Strategically, politically and economically the North-East is the most sensitive part of the country and should receive the serious attention it deserves. The ongoing dialogue between the government and the NSCN (IM) is a positive development, but it is going to take a long and torturous route. The NSCN (IM)’s claim on the Naga-inhabited areas in the neighbouring states has created serious complications. The riots in Manipur in 2001 following the extension of the ceasefire to the areas beyond the boundaries of Nagaland are a pointer to the difficult road ahead. The situation in â€Å"India’s Internal Security Challenges† 509 Assam has shown some signs of improvement, but large-scale extortion by the ULFA and other groups is posing serious problems. The NLFT and the ATTF continue to be active in Tripura. They have sanctuaries in Bangladesh. Mizoram is quiet, but there are problems between the Mizos and the Chakmas, and the Mizos and the Reangs. Thousands of Reang refugees from Mizoram are staying in camps in Tripura. In spite of many rounds of negotiations between the Mizoram government and the representatives of the Reangs, so far no solution appears to be in sight. The unending internecine feud between the NSCN (IM) and the NSCN (K) has spilled over from Nagaland to the neighbouring states and even to Myanmar. A number of Meitie and Kuki groups have sanctuaries in the Chin Hills in Myanmar. The ULFA and the Bodo groups have sanctuaries in the forests of Bhutan. There are unconfirmed reports of some sort of tie-up between the ULFA and the LTTE. A number of groups have also come up in Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh. Many experts have called the Naga insurgencies as the mother of all insurgencies in the North-East. The level of violence, however, in this explosive region continues to be high in spite of the fact that the ceasefire agreement with the NSCN (IM) has been in place since 1997. This only goes to show how difficult the road to peace is going to be in this trouble-torn region. It is truism to say that it is not only a law and order problem. It has many other dimensions. No strategy will succeed unless it strikes a right balance between political, economic and security measures. There is need for closer co-ordination among the policymakers. Ideally, there is need for a consensus among the major political parties. The pursuit of narrow political agenda can be exploited by the subversive groups. Many political leaders in this region indulge in double-speak. They mouth nationalist slogans in Delhi but have no hesitation in making strong anti-national statements and collaborating with the insurgent groups in the state. Nor do they have any reservation in changing parties. They frequently hop from one political party to another. In Manipur some politicians have changed sides as many as six times in a year. A chief minister changed his party three times in one month, and his coalition partners three times in 48 hours. A party label has very little meaning. Money and muscle power with active support of the insurgent groups play a key role in the elections. Most of these states are not financially viable. They hardly collect any revenue and depend almost entirely on the Union government for financial 510 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 support. This has caused lack of responsibility in incurring public expenditure. For example, Manipur has created a huge bureaucratic structure with a workforce of almost 100,000 on its pay roll. Over 80% of its total revenue (both Plan and non-Plan) is spent on payment of salaries and pensions. Extortion by the insurgent groups, the leakage’s of huge funds through corrupt practices leave very little for development. And they conveniently put the blame on the Centre for not giving them adequate funds. Through years of neglect this potentially rich region is today the most backward, almost primitive, part of our country. In these appalling conditions an alienated population becomes an easy target for the secessionist propaganda. Jammu & Kashmir The problem has been with us since independence even though Pakistan has no legal case. The ruler of this erstwhile princely state decided to accede to India. According to the Independence Act it was for the rulers of the princely states to decide to join India or Pakistan. Pakistan has been disputing the legality of the accession signed by the then J&K ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh. The initial hesitation of the Maharaja to accede to either India or Pakistan and the unilateral Indian offer to find out the wishes of the people of the state has given Pakistan an excuse to challenge the legality of the accession. It has been doing everything for the last 56 years to grab this state. It has not been able to achieve its objective through wars with India. So, it has started a proxy war since 1989. Waging of a proxy war fits into the Pakistani designs of bleeding India. Unfortunately, the weaknesses of the state and of the administrative systems have provided Pakistan with opportunities to fish in troubled waters. More interested in perpetuating their rule than governing the state, its rulers have been exploiting regional and religious differences. Anti-national forces thrived in this environment and Pakistan has missed no opportunity to support and encourage them. Over the years it has succeeded in building a proPakistan base in the state. Frustrated in their efforts to gain power through democratic means, some politicians joined the anti-India front, more to put pressure on the Indian government than on ideological grounds. In a state, where the overwhelming population was against communal politics at the time of partition, the fundamentalist forces have managed to penetrate into the secular polity. The many serious problems of the people have to be addressed. It is not a coincidence that Pakistan’s efforts to destabilise â€Å"India’s Internal Security Challenges† 511 he situation in the state received some success only when our own political mismanagement provided it with an opportunity to intervene, as in 1965 and again in 1989. One of Pakistan’s main aims is to divide the polity on communal lines. The attitude of the Pakistani military government is unlikely to change in the near future. But that does not mean that Pakistan should be allowed to set the Kashmir agenda. Moves will have to be made on all fronts to regain the initiative on both political and diplomatic fronts. The proposals made in the announcements by the Cabinet Committee on Security on October 22 are steps in the right direction, but the ground situation does not justify over-optimism. There are likely to be many ups and downs on this long torturous road to peace in Jammu and Kashmir. Left Extremism Making a beginning in Naxalbari in West Bengal and Telengana in Andhra Pradesh in the 1970s, the movement has since spread to many states: Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. The root cause for the rise in Left extremism is the inability of the states to address the many genuine grievances of the people. The gap between the unrealistic expectations, fuelled by populist rhetoric, and their actual fulfilment has increased and not decreased over the years. The younger generation is no longer willing to put up passively with injustice and humiliation without a fight. The bitterness of the angry young man against the prevailing unjust socio-economic system is spilling over. The older generation is not unsympathetic to them. An educational system which produces unemployable young boys and girls has not helped. Pressure on land has made the task of survival on agriculture more difficult. A callous district administration, especially in the rural areas, a clogged judicial system and feudal attitudes have compounded the problem. The land disputes have multiplied, but the land records and the judicial system to settle them is in disarray. There is a sense of frustration and anger. The most prominent among the groups, that have mushroomed in the recent years, are the People’s War Group (PWG) and the Marxist Communist Centre (MCC) . But it is not ideology and revolutionary zeal that is driving them. For many, joining these groups is the only way to survive. Their main activity is extortion. Huge funds amounting to hundreds of crores of rupees are being extorted by them. What they cannot 512 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 get through legitimate means they obtain through arms and explosives. Their tactics are no different from the insurgents and terrorists. Create terror and extort money. They are, however, not secessionists. Their aim is to overthrow what they call an unjust socio-economic system. But they are in no hurry to achieve their ideological aims as long as they can extort enough money. Corrupt politicians, policemen and civil servants have made their own adjustments with these groups. A live-and-let live attitude is mutually beneficial to all of them. Who knows how much money goes to the extremists and how much goes to the others. The real sufferers are the very people for whom the extremists are waging this war against the state. In public perception a government that is unable to discharge all its responsibilities is more likely to respond when the demand is loud, organised and backed by acts of violence. The many progressive, wellintentioned legislations are not eing implemented effectively and sometimes have done more harm than good by creating more bitterness and frustration, e. g. , the Minimum Wages Act. The marginal and deprived sections of the society are the worst hit. Social and economic factors are important, but even more important are religion and identity. The secessionist movement in J&K is politically motivated, but its ideological base is built ar ound religious funda-mentalism. Fired by religious fervour, the young recruits have no hesitation in attacking ruthlessly what they consider the decayed political and moral order, which they perceive as hedonistic. Once the instruments of governance are discredited, it is not too difficult to justify their destruction as in J&K, the North-East or in the states afflicted by Left extremism. In another sense, however, the aim of all these movements is no different from the aim of legitimate political movements. They too seek to acquire power, measured in terms of exercising influence or control over the people and acquisition of wealth for them is the source of all power. Extortion, therefore, becomes an essential part of their strategy. Their goal and strategy could change during the course of the movement. In the initial stages some of them may only demand economic and political justice or more autonomy in the existing political system, like the Bodos in Assam, but they can take a more extremist stand and demand secession in the later stages. Effective steps to reduce ethnic and social inequalities, disparities in educational and employment opportunities, and for creating an effective machinery for the redressal of public grievance, are absolutely essential to â€Å"India’s Internal Security Challenges† 513 mprove the environment in which extremist violence flourishes. Steps to reduce economic deprivation and improve the delivery of essential services can erode the base of public support on which the extremist movements survive. It is relatively easier to find solutions to seemingly intractable political problems, like in J&K, in an environment where people are by and large satisfied with the function ing of the government agencies and are not deprived of essential services. More than anything else, it is the economic policies that would ultimately determine the future of these movements. A thriving economy, which gives hope and opportunity to the people, is more likely to defeat all types of extremist movements than any other strategy. The need for a well co-ordinated security apparatus can hardly be overemphasised. It should include the police, the paramilitary forces, the army and the intelligence agencies. A composite force on the lines of the National Security Guards (NSG) should be organised in all the states, even in those states where the internal security situation is not so serious. It is easier to deal with the problems at the initial stages, than later, when the state police is no longer able to cope with them. But in the states where the situation has gone beyond their control, the Centre, as laid down in the Constitution, is duty-bound to intervene, notwithstanding the fact that law and order is under the State List. The Union government is charged with the responsibility of protecting the states from internal disturbances under Article 353 of the Constitution, even though law and order comes under List-II, the State List. The Union government can issue directions to the state under Articles 257-258. Action for non-compliance of the directions from the Union government can be taken under Article 365. A state government can be dismissed under Article 356, if a situation arises in which the administration of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. A national emergency can be declared under Article 352. But, even if the Centre decides to intervene, the state’s role cannot be minimised. The primary responsibility to deal with the security challenges must rest with the state governments. A situation should not be allowed to develop where the state government washes its hands off, or its forces instead of cooperating with the central forces, actually work against them. The many internal security challenges can be met effectively only with full cooperation between the central and the state governments. The police, 514 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 the paramilitary forces, the army and all the intelligence agencies must act in close co-ordination. The hostile foreign forces can and will take advantage of the internal situation to destabilise the country in pursuit of their own agenda. All serious internal security problems: communal and sectarian violence, organised crime, drug-trafficking, labour and students’ unrest, political violence and even economic crimes, if not checked effectively can develop an external dimension. There is an urgent need to make the police and the paramilitary forces more professional. The emphasis has to shift from ‘more numbers’ to ‘more professionally trained forces’. The internal security problems should not be treated as merely law and order problems. They have to be dealt with comprehensively in all their dimensions and at all levels — political, economic and social. They are all interlinked. At times, the required measures will conflict with each other. Going too far in one direction could be counter-productive. The security requirements have to be met, but that does not mean giving the security agencies a free hand. Striking the right balance is the key to success in meeting these challenges effectively. We need a comprehensive security policy that will be implemented effectively at all levels. Ladies and Gentlemen, I thank you for your indulgence. It has been my endeavour to offer a personal perspective on the nature of the internal security challenges that India currently faces. I hope these thoughts and observations would encourage greater deliberations amongst you. From this interaction we could perhaps distil a collective perspective that would be relevant both to the policy makers and the civil society. And finally, my best wishes to the entire IDSA fraternity on this occasion — and may your stature grow.